Please see below for when each domain is projected to be updated.
Attitudes — This domain scheduled to be updated in 2022
| Domain | Sub-Domain | Instrument Name | Description | Citation (Authors) | Language/ Geographic Location |
Population(s) | Details & PDF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudes Toward Condoms Scale (ATC) | The instrument has 40 items. The response options are on a 5-item Likert scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. Initially, the scale was developed as an "assessment instrument for use in research directed toward promotion of barrier methods of contraception". The instrument is used in HIV research. | Brown, I. S. (1984). Development of a scale to measure attitude toward the condom as a method of birth control. The Journal of Sex Research, 20(3), 255-263. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs | The instrument has 9 items. The respondents rate "using a condom every time they have sex in the next 3 months along 9 dimensions: pleasant/unpleasant, good/bad, beneficial/harmful, enjoyable/unenjoyable, satisfying/unsatisfying, easy/difficult, safe/dangerous, moral/immoral, and wise/foolish. Each dimension was rated on a 5-point scale (eg, 1 [very harmful] to 5 [very beneficial])." | Bogart, L. M., & Thorburn, S. (2005). Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among african americans? JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 38(2), 213. |
English |
* African American * HIV-negative |
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| Condom Attitude Scale (CAS) | The instrument has 57 items. There are eight attitude factors: Interpersonal Impact, Effect on Sexual Experience, Self-control, Global Attitude, Perceived Risk, Relationship Safety, Promiscuity, and Inhibition. | Sacco, W. P., Levine, B., Reed, D. L., & Thompson, K. (1991). Attitudes about condom use as an AIDS-relevant behavior: Their factor structure and relation to condom use. Psychological Assessment, 3(2), 265-272. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| Condom Attitude Scale (CAS) for Adolescents | "The Condom Attitude Scale (W. P. Sacco, B. Levine, D. L. Reed, & K. Thompson, 1991) was modified for use with adolescents." The scale has 23 items. There are six factors-Relationship Safety, Perceived Risk, Interpersonal Impact, Safety, Effect on Sexual Experience, and Promiscuity | St Lawrence, J. S., Reitman, D., Jefferson, K. W., Alleyne, E., Brasfield, T. L., & Shirley, A. (1994). Factor structure and validation of an adolescent version of the condom attitude scale: An instrument for measuring adolescents' attitudes toward condoms. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 352-359. |
English |
* Adolescents * Youth * HIV-negative |
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| The UCLA Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS) | The instrument has 24 items. "All of Brown's (1984) condom attitude scale questions that loaded above .35 were included (29 out of 40 questions met this requirement). A number of other questions from previous investigations (Campbell et al., 1992; Collins, 1989; Collins & Aspinwall, 1988, 1989) were included, and further items were developed to maximize the range and heterogeneity of items in the initial set." "The MCAS has five distinct factors: (a) Reliability and Effectiveness of condoms, (b) the sexual Pleasure associated with condom use, (c) the stigma attached to persons who use condoms (Identity Stigma), (d) the Embarrassment About Negotiation and Use of condoms, and (e) the Embarrassment About the Purchase of condoms." The authors suggest that "suggest that condom attitudes are multidimensional and thus cannot meaningfully be summed to a single global score." | Helweg-Larsen, M., & Collins, B. E. (1994). The UCLA multidimensional condom attitudes scale: Documenting the complex determinants of condom use in college students. Health Psychology, 13(3), 224-237. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| Condom Attitude Scale (Shortened Version) | The authors "used a shortened 4-item version of the Condom Attitudes Scale (Hewling-Larsen, M., & Collins, B. (1991, August). Framing messages to promote condom use. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.) as adapted for previous research (Kalichman, Kelly, & Rompa, 1997). Items included "Condoms ruin the mood," and "Using condoms is an interruption of foreplay," 1 = Strongly Agree, 4=Strongly Disagree. | Benotsch, E. G., Kalichman, S., & Cage, M. (2002). Men who have met sex partners via the internet: Prevalence, predictors, and implications for HIV prevention. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(2), 177-183. |
English |
* Men who have sex with men (MSM) * Men * HIV-negative |
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| Attitudes Toward the Female Condom | The instrument contains 15 Likert-scale items (from "Agree a lot" to "Disagree a lot" and "Don't know") and five factors: Sexual Pleasure Enhancement, Inconvenience, Improved Prophylaxis, Sexual Pleasure Inhibition, Insertion Reluctance. | Neilands, T. B., & Choi, K. H. (2002). A validation and reduced form of the female condom attitudes scale. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14(2), 158-171. |
English |
* Women * HIV-negative |
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| Attitudes about Safer Sex (Subset of Sexual Risks Scale) | The instrument assesses attitudes toward condom; it is a subscale of the Sexual Risks Scale. It contains 13 items with 5-point Likert scale response options from "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly agree". | Dehart, D. D., & Birkimer, J. C. (1997). Trying to practice safer sex: Development of the sexual risks scale. The Journal of Sex Research, 34(1) |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in cape town, south africa | The scale items were adapted by authors from previous research. The scale contains five items. "Two items reflected positive outcomes from testing, two assessed adverse outcomes, and one item reflected HIV testing avoidance. Items were responded to dichotomously, as either agree or disagree." | Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. C. (2003). HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in cape town, south africa. British Medical Journal, 79(6), 442. |
English |
* Elderly * HIV-negative |
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| Attitudes Toward Routine Testing | "Participants were asked whether they had heard of routine testing and were given a detailed explanation of this policy. Participants then indicated the extent to which they are in favor of routine testing and whether they think this policy affects HIV-related stigma, barriers to testing, violence against women related to testing, and uptake of ARVs. From questions assessing attitudes toward routine testing (Table 1), we constructed an ordinal outcome of positive attitudes toward this policy. Participants were categorized as having zero to one, two, three, or four positive views toward routine testing." | Weiser, S. D., Heisler, M., Leiter, K., Percy-de Korte, F., Tlou, S., DeMonner, S., et al. (2006). Routine HIV testing in botswana: A population-based study on attitudes, practices, and human rights concerns. PLoS Med, 3(7), e261. |
English |
* Elderly * HIV-negative |
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| HIV-Antibody Testing Attitude Scale (HTAS) | The scale contains 32 items. Response options are on a Likert scale. Four factors were identified: "concerns about friend's responses, concerns about family's responses, beliefs about public opinion of testing, and concerns about confidentiality of tests." | Boshamer, C. B., & Bruce, K. E. (1999). A scale to measure attitudes about HIV-antibody testing: Development and psychometric validation. AIDS Education and Prevention, 11(5), 400-413. |
English |
* Students * Heterosexual * HIV-negative |
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| Factors determining prenatal HIV testing for prevention of mother to child transmission in dar es salaam, tanzania | The researchers modified HIV-Antibody Testing Attitude Scale developed by Boshamer and Bruce in 1999. The instrument contains questions on family support (items: 'My family would support me if I decided to be tested for HIV', 'I could easily discuss HIV testing with my family' etc.), social support (items: 'I would not want anyone to know if I got an HIV test', 'People would assume I have HIV if I decided to get tested' etc.) and privacy (items: 'I am afraid that if I were to be tested for HIV, my name would go onto public records', 'HIV testing information is kept very confidential by the medical staff who do the testing' etc.). | Kominami, M., Kawata, K., Ali, M., Meena, H., & Ushijima, H. (2007). Factors determining prenatal HIV testing for prevention of mother to child transmission in dar es salaam, tanzania. Pediatrics International, 49(2), 286-292. |
Swahili, |
* HIV-negative |
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| Attitudes to HIV testing | The 8-item scale was a part of a questionnaire "to assess knowledge and attitudes towards HIV and its testing among pregnant women and health professionals in Yunnan Province, south west China, to inform the introduction of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) programmes." | Hesketh, T., Duo, L., Li, H., & Tomkins, A. M. (2005). Attitudes to HIV and HIV testing in high prevalence areas of china: Informing the introduction of voluntary counselling and testing programmes. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(2), 108. |
English |
* Medical providers * HIV-negative |
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| HIV testing and counselling for women attending child health clinics: An opportunity for entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission and HIV treatment | This is not a scale. "Attitudes to HIV testing in child health clinics were assessed by asking all women whether HIV testing and counselling should be offered in child health clinics and to explain their opinion. Women's responses to these open-ended questions were coded. Code labels were developed as themes emerged. Text was grouped according to common themes for presentation in a frequency distribution." | Chersich, M. F., Luchters, S. M. F., Othigo, M. J., Yard, E., Mandaliya, K., & Temmerman, M. (2008). HIV testing and counselling for women attending child health clinics: An opportunity for entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission and HIV treatment. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 19(1), 42. |
Swahili |
* Women * HIV-negative |
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| Reduced HIV Concern Scale | The measure is developed to "to assess the impact of combination treatments on personal safer sex attitudes and risk perceptions." "The scale consists of eight face valid items assessing decreased personal worry about engaging in unsafe sex because of the availability of combination therapies (e.g., "I am less concerned about having anal sex without a condom now that new drug combination treatments are available" ) and assumptions about decreased HIV infectivity associated with unprotected sex involving an HIV-positive partner with low or undetectable viral load (e.g., "An HIV-positive person whose level of virus in the blood has become undetectable is unlikely to transmit HIV to his partner"). Responses were reported using a 4-point rating scale, with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree." | Vanable, P. A., Ostrow, D. G., McKirnan, D. J., Taywaditep, K. J., & Hope, B. A. (2000). Impact of combination therapies on HIV risk perceptions and sexual risk among HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology, 19(2), 134-145. |
English |
* HIV-positive * HIV-negative * Men who have sex with men (MSM) * Men * Bisexual |
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| ART Related Attitudes and Beliefs | "The 13-item section regarding ART-related AB (attitudes and beliefs) assessed whether the participant was less concerned about HIV/AIDS or reported that there was less need for safer sex since the availability of ART. Possible responses included: ''agree'', ''unsure'', or ''disagree.'' Two factors were derived: belief that HIV is a more controllable disease due to ART availability (4 items) and ART-related risk compensation (7 items). The questionnaire was modified from Ostrow DE, Fox KJ, Chmiel JS, Silvestre A, Visscher BR, et al. (2002) Attitudes towards highly active antiretroviral therapy are associated with sexual risk taking among HIV-infected and uninfected homosexual men. Aids 16: 775-780 and Vanable PA, Ostrow DG, McKirnan DJ (2003) Viral load and HIV treatment attitudes as correlates of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive gay men. J Psychosom Res 54: 263-269. | Cohen, C. R., Montandon, M., Carrico, A. W., Shiboski, S., Bostrom, A., Obure, A., et al. (2009). Association of attitudes and beliefs towards antiretroviral therapy with HIV-seroprevalence in the general population of kisumu, kenya. PLoS ONE, 4(3) |
English |
* Elderly * HIV-negative |
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| AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV-AIDS | The participants were asked to "rate 12 items assessing attitudes toward new HIV treatments, including beliefs about their effectiveness in treating HIV infection, their potential impact on risk for transmitting HIV, and community norms and behaviors. Responses to each item were made on a 4-point scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4)." Three factors were identified: "Factor 1 had 5 items with factor loadings greater than .30 (eigenvalue = 2.62, accounting for 22% of variance) labeled AIDS Treatment Optimism; Factor 2 had 4 weighted items and was labeled Preventive-Treatment Beliefs (eigenvalue = 2.08, 17% of variance); and Factor 3 included 3 items with factor loadings greater than .30 and was labeled AIDS Complacency (eigenvalue = 1.59,13% of variance)." | Kalichman, S. C., Nachimson, D., Cherry, C., & Williams, E. (1998). AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention setbacks: Preliminary assessment of reduced perceived threat of HIV-AIDS. Health Psychology, 17, 546-550. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Men who have sex with men (MSM) * Men * Bisexual |
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| HIV Testing Attitudes | The treatment beliefs items used in this study were adapted from previous research (Kalichman, S. C., Nachimson, D., Cherry, C., and Williams, E.(1998). AIDS treatment advances and behavioral prevention set-backs: Preliminary assessment of reduced threat perceptions. Health Psychol. 17: 546-50). "Participants responded to 10 items assessing beliefs toward HIV treatments, including beliefs about their effectiveness in treating HIV infection (e.g., "Treatments for HIV give me hope for a cure" and "HIV will soon be a controllable disease like diabetes") and their potential impact on risk for transmitting HIV (e.g., "HIV treatments make it easier to relax about unsafe sex," "It is easier to have sex without a condom is I have an undetectable viral load" and "Having an undetectable viral load makes it less likely to infect sex partners during unsafe sex"). Responses to each item were made on 4-point scales ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 4 =strongly agree." | Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. C. (2003). HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa. British Medical Journal, 79(6), 442. |
English |
* HIV-positive * HIV-negative * Men who have sex with men (MSM) * Men * Women |
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| Viral Load Testing, HIV Therapies and Concern about HIV Infection | A questionnaire consisted of six statements about viral load testing, HIV therapies and concern about HIV infection. There were three response categories: true, false, unsure. | Van de Ven, P., Kippax, S., Knox, S., Prestage, G., & Crawford, J. (1999). HIV treatments optimism and sexual behaviour among gay men in sydney and melbourne. Aids, 13(16), 2289. |
English |
* Men * Men who have sex with men (MSM) * HIV-negative |
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| Perceived HIV Transmissibility | "This scale consisted of four items assessing beliefs of reduced HIV transmissibility from engaging in unprotected sex or needle sharing with an HIV-seropositive individual receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or an HIV-seropositive person with an undetectable viral load. A higher score reflects the belief in reduced HIV transmissibility. For the analysis determining the associations between attitudinal factors and high-risk behaviors, this scale was divided further into two subscales of 'perceived HIV transmissibility through unprotected sex' and 'perceived HIV transmissibility through needle sharing' due to their reference to two distinct activities. Each subscale included two questionnaire items." | Tun, W., Celentano, D. D., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2003). Attitudes toward HIV treatments influence unsafe sexual and injection practices among injecting drug users. AIDS, 17(13), 1953. |
English |
* HIV-positive * HIV-negative * People who inject drugs |
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