Please see below for when each domain is projected to be updated.
Stigma — This domain is currently being updated.
| Domain | Sub-Domain | Instrument Name | Description | Citation (Authors) | Language/ Geographic Location |
Population(s) | Details & PDF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV ⁄AIDS - related stigma scale in a developing world context | Two sub-scales associated with both tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS stigma: community (11 items) and patient perspectives (10 items). Participants rated whether they strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, or strongly disagreed with HIV / AIDS stigma-related statements that asked about the community's response to people with HIV / AIDS and the experiences of HIV / AIDS patients within the community. | Van Rie, A., Sengupta, S., Pungrassami, P., Balthip, Q., Choonuan, S., Kasetjaroen, Y., Strauss, R.P., Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2008). Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(1): 21-30. |
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* HIV-positive * HIV-negative * Patients |
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| HIV-related stigma scale | Three parallel stigma scales were developed to "assess personal views of stigma, stigma attributed to others, and internalized stigma experienced by HIV-infected individuals". Stigma mechanisms measured: Internalized stigma, anticipated stigma for infected women. Prejudice, discrimination - for uninfected community members. | Visser, M. J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. C. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 759-771. |
All |
* HIV-positive * HIV-negative |
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| HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries | This scale with strong psychometric properties could easily be used in developing countries. The 23-item questionnaire with responses in the form of a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (coded as 4) to strongly disagree (coded as 1). The scale has three subscales: Shame/Blame/Social isolation, Perceived discrimination, Equity. Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, discrimination. | Genberg, B. L., Kawichai, S., Chingono, A., Sendah, M., Chariyalertsak, S., Konda, K. A., Celentano, D.D. (2008). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav, 12:772-780. |
English, |
* HIV-negative |
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| HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the united states: Prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. | The survey protocol assessed multiple facets of stigma. Questions were included about "support for stigmatizing AIDS policies, support for mandatory testing, attributions of responsibility and blame to PWAs, beliefs about PWAs, affective responses to PWAs, and discomfort with and avoidance of PWAs in hypothetical situations." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination. | Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the united states: Prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 371-377. |
English |
* HIV-negative |
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| Multidimensional Stigma Scale | The scale measures perceptions of health care professionals towards PLWHA. The scale has 17 items and 5 factors- Discrimination Intent at Work, Opinion about Health Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, Prejudiced Attitudes, Internalized Shame, and Fear of PLWHA. Stigma mechanisms measured: discrimination, prejudice. | Stein, J. A., & Li, L. (2008). Measuring HIV-related stigma among chinese service providers: Confirmatory factor analysis of a multidimensional scale. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 789-795. |
Chinese |
* HIV-negative * Medical providers |
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| Attitudes toward women with HIV/AIDS scale - ATWAS | The scale contains 27 items and four factors - Child Care, Myths/Negative Stereotypes, Reproduction/Contraception issues, and Sympathy/Transmission Route. Stigma mechanisms measured: stereotypes, discrimination, prejudice. | O'Hea, E. L., Sytsma, S. E., Copeland, A., & Brantley, P. J. (2001). The attitudes toward women with HIV/AIDS scale (ATWAS): Development and validation. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(2), 120-130. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| General AIDS Knowledge Index | Stigma items were derived from themes that emerged in the focus groups in response to probes about HIV-related stigma. There were six items with response options - yes/no. The questions reflect several aspects of expressed stigma - the desire to be secretive regarding HIV/AIDS, fear and avoidance, overestimation of risk, restrictive measures and denial of HIV. Stigma mechanisms measured: discrimination. | Hamra, M., Ross, M. W., Orrs, M., & D'Agostino, A. (2006). Relationship between expressed HIV/AIDS-related stigma and HIV-beliefs/knowledge and behaviour in families of HIV infected children in kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11(4), 513-527. |
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* HIV-negative * Caregivers |
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| The Attitudes About AIDS (AAA) Scale | Scale consists of 24 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5); the instrument summarizes the degree of stigmatization evidenced toward persons with AIDS. Higher scores indicate less tendency to stigmatize. | Trezza, G. R. (1994). HIV knowledge and stigmatization of persons with AIDS: Implications for the development of HIV education for young adults. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 25(2), 141-148. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| AIDS Talk Questionnaire | Scale assessing how frequently one talks with another person about AIDS, and what topics they discuss. | Lalljee, M., & Palmer-Canton, E. (2001). Communication and consistency: AIDS talk and AIDS attitudes. J Psychol, 135(1), 87-99. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale | 24-item scale with the four subscales : fear of transmission and disease; association with shame, blame and judgment; personal support of discriminatory actions or policies; perceived community support of discriminatory actions or policies. | Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S. C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Solomon, S., Celentano, D. D. (2008). HIV/AIDS Stigma: Reliability and Validity of a New Measurement Instrument in Chennai, India. AIDS Behav, 12: 781-788. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Men |
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| Perceptions and Concerns Related to HIV Stigma | "Respondents were asked how much people with AIDS had been unfairly persecuted over the years-whether they face "a great deal" of unfair persecution, "some," "a little bit," or "no unfair persecution at all." Next, they were asked whether people with AIDS now face a great deal of unfair persecution, some, a little bit, or no unfair persecution at all." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice | Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2003). Stigma, social risk, and health policy: Public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and the social construction of illness. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY-HILLSDALE-, 22(5), 533-540. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Elderly |
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| AIDS-Related Stigma Scale | "Although there has been progress in AIDS stigma research, there are no multi-item AIDS stigma scales that have been shown reliable and valid in Africa. The current research reports the development of the nine-item AIDS-Related Stigma Scale. The nine items were responded to dichotomously as either Agree or Disagree with responses scored to reflect endorsement of AIDS stigma." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination. | Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Toefy, Y., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Kagee, A. (2005). Development of a Brief Scale to Measure AIDS-Related Stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 9(2): 135-143. |
English, |
* HIV-negative * Elderly |
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| HIV Stigma Framework | "This framework suggests that the social phenomenon of HIV stigma impacts individual PLWH via a series of HIV stigma mechanisms, which are distinct psychological responses to the knowledge that they possess a socially devalued characteristic. The HIV Stigma Framework proposes that PLWH experience the stigma mechanisms of internalized, anticipated, and enacted HIV stigma." | Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Chaudoir, S. R., Amico, K. R., & Copenhaver, M. M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework. AIDS and behavior, 17(5), 1785–1795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9 |
English, Spanish /North America |
* HIV-positive |
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| Revised HIV Stigma Scale | "Revised scale: shortening it from 40 to 32 items and retaining the original four fac-tors but renaming one: Enacted Stigma (formerly Personalized Stigma), Disclosure Concerns, Negative Self–image, and Concern With Public Attitudes. These four subscales have been refined such that each consists of unique items. Cronbach’s alphas for the subscales ranged from .90 to .97, and .95 for the over-all scale, indicating internal consistency." | Bunn, J. Y., Solomon, S. E., Miller, C., & Forehand, R. (2007). Measurement of stigma in people with HIV: a reexamination of the HIV Stigma Scale. AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 19(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.198 |
English /North America |
* HIV-positive |
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| Neuro-QoL Short Form v1.0 – Stigma | "A 14-item scale, measuring internalized and enacted stigma, with a 5-point Likert response format (1 = Never to 5 = Always)." | Rao, D., Molina, Y., Lambert, N., & Cohn, S. E. (2016). Assessing Stigma among African Americans Living with HIV. Stigma and health, 1(3), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000027 |
English /North America |
* HIV-positive * African American * Men * Women |
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| Brief Stigma-by-Association Scale | "The brief stigma-by-association scale was adapted from the HIV Stigma-by-Association Scale for Adolescents (Mason et al., 2010)." Questions were added to fix the local context. | Boyes, M. E., Mason, S. J., & Cluver, L. D. (2013). Validation of a brief stigma-by-association scale for use with HIV/AIDS-affected youth in South Africa. AIDS care, 25(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.699668 |
/Africa |
* Adolescents * Youth |
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| The Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward People Living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Scale (SAT-PLWHA-S) | "The SAT-PLWHA-S is a reliable and valid tool for measuring stigmatizing attitudes toward PLHIV and that it can contribute to a deeper understanding of HIV stigma." | Beaulieu, M., Adrien, A., Potvin, L., Dassa, C., & Comité consultatif sur les attitudes envers les PVVIH (2014). Stigmatizing attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS: validation of a measurement scale. BMC public health, 14, 1246. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1246 |
English, French /North America |
* HIV-negative * General population |
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| HIV-related stigma and discrimination (SAD) scale | Developed to measure levels of fear of transmission, HIV-related stigmatized and discriminatory beliefs, and observations of stigma and discrimination among healthcare workers in Ethiopia. | Feyissa, G. T., Abebe, L., Girma, E., & Woldie, M. (2012). Validation of an HIV-related stigma scale among health care providers in a resource-poor Ethiopian setting. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 5, 97–113. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S29789 |
English, Amharic, Afaan Oromo /Africa |
* Medical providers |
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| Anticipated, Internalized, and Enacted HIV Stigma Scales | "Three dimensions of HIV-related stigma (i.e., anticipated, internalized, and enacted) and resulting consequences of enacted stigma were assessed in the study. These variables were adapted from existing measures." | Brewer, R., Hood, K. B., Moore, M., Spieldenner, A., Daunis, C., Mukherjee, S., Smith-Davis, M., Brown, G., Bowen, B., & Schneider, J. A. (2020). An Exploratory Study of Resilience, HIV-Related Stigma, and HIV Care Outcomes Among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) Living with HIV in Louisiana. AIDS and behavior, 24(7), 2119–2129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02778-5 |
English /North America |
* Men who have sex with men (MSM) * HIV-positive |
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| Adapted HIV-Stigma Framework | Adapted HIV Stigma Framework measuring internalized, anticipated, and enacted stigma. Wording of some items were changed to focus on respondent's global social network. | Sweeney, S.M. (2016). Understanding Mediators of the Relationship Between HIV-Related Stigma and Medication Adherence Among People Living with HIV. (Publication No. 10165493) [Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University]. ProQuest LLC. |
English /North America |
* HIV-positive |
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| People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Stigma Index | The PLHIV Stigma Index measures enacted, internalized, and anticipated HIV-related stigma. | Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2019). Prevalence And Associated Factors Of Enacted, Internalized And Anticipated Stigma Among People Living With HIV In South Africa: Results Of The First National Survey. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 11, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S229285 |
/Africa |
* HIV-positive |
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| A scale to measure Internalized and Enacted HIV Stigma | Internalized HIV stigma was measured using three items. Frequency of Enacted HIV stigma were measured at two levels - any setting and health settings. | Hargreaves, J. R., Krishnaratne, S., Mathema, H., Lilleston, P. S., Sievwright, K., Mandla, N., Mainga, T., Vermaak, R., Piwowar-Manning, E., Schaap, A., Donnell, D., Ayles, H., Hayes, R. J., Hoddinott, G., Bond, V., Stangl, A., & HPTN 071 (PopART) Study Team (2018). Individual and community-level risk factors for HIV stigma in 21 Zambian and South African communities: analysis of data from the HPTN071 (PopART) study. AIDS (London, England), 32(6), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001757 |
/Africa |
* HIV-positive |
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