Please see below for when each domain is projected to be updated.
Stigma — This domain is scheduled to be updated summer 2022
| Domain | Sub-Domain | Instrument Name | Description | Citation (Authors) | Language/ Geographic Location |
Population(s) | Details & PDF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale for Puerto Rican health professionals in training | The scale addresses 12 HIV/AIDS stigma dimensions: "fear of infection, emotions associated with HIV/AIDS, closeness to death, PLWHA as vectors of infection, lack of productivity of PLWH A, personal characteristics of PLWHA that foster infection, need to control PLWHA, rights of PLWHA, body signs of HIV/AIDS, responsibility over infection, PLWHA as obliged to reveal serostatus, and the influence of structural factors in HIV infection". The response items are on a five-point Likert-type scale with values ranging from strongly disagree (one) to strongly agree (five). Because of low reliabiltiy (0.43), the structural concerns factor and its items were dropped from the reduced Spanish HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale. | N. Varas-Diaz., & Neilandsb, T. B. (2009). Development and validation of a culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS stigma scale for Puerto Rican health professionals in training. AIDS Care, 21(10), 1259-1270. |
Spanish, |
* Medical providers * HIV-negative |
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| HIV-related stigma scales used in Southern India | There are four stigma assessments, 10 items each: Enacted stigma index (yes/no responses), Vicarious stigma (all items begin with the words, ''How often have you heard stories about...'', response options are on a 4-point scale that ranged from 0 (never) to 3 (frequently), Felt normative stigma scale (all item begin with the words, ''In your community,...''response options are on a 4-point scale that ranged from 0 (no one) to 3 (most people), Internalized stigma scale (all items begin with the words, ''How much do you feel...'' response options are a 4-point scale running from 0 (not at all) to 3 (a great deal). | Steward, W. T., Herek, G. M., Ramakrishna, J., Bharat, S., Chandy, S., Wrubel, J., et al. (2008). HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in india. Social Science & Medicine, 67(8), 1225-1235. |
English |
* HIV-negative |
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| HIV Stigma Scale | "The 13-item HIV stigma scale can discriminate experiences of stigma in older adults." "An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found 12 of the 13 items loaded cleanly into three subscales labeled as Distancing, Blaming, and Discrimination". | Emlet, C. A. (2005). Measuring stigma in older and younger adults with HIV/AIDS: An analysis of an HIV stigma scale and initial exploration of subscales. Research on Social Work Practice, 15(4), 291. |
English |
* HIV-positive |
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| HIV ⁄AIDS - related stigma scale in a developing world context | Two sub-scales associated with both tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS stigma: community (11 items) and patient perspectives (10 items). Participants rated whether they strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, or strongly disagreed with HIV / AIDS stigma-related statements that asked about the community's response to people with HIV / AIDS and the experiences of HIV / AIDS patients within the community. | Van Rie, A., Sengupta, S., Pungrassami, P., Balthip, Q., Choonuan, S., Kasetjaroen, Y., Strauss, R.P., Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2008). Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in southern Thailand: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(1): 21-30. |
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* HIV-positive * HIV-negative * Patients |
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| HIV-related stigma scale | Three parallel stigma scales were developed to "assess personal views of stigma, stigma attributed to others, and internalized stigma experienced by HIV-infected individuals". Stigma mechanisms measured: Internalized stigma, anticipated stigma for infected women. Prejudice, discrimination - for uninfected community members. | Visser, M. J., Kershaw, T., Makin, J. D., & Forsyth, B. W. C. (2008). Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 759-771. |
All |
* HIV-positive * HIV-negative |
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| HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries | This scale with strong psychometric properties could easily be used in developing countries. The 23-item questionnaire with responses in the form of a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (coded as 4) to strongly disagree (coded as 1). The scale has three subscales: Shame/Blame/Social isolation, Perceived discrimination, Equity. Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, discrimination. | Genberg, B. L., Kawichai, S., Chingono, A., Sendah, M., Chariyalertsak, S., Konda, K. A., Celentano, D.D. (2008). Assessing HIV/AIDS Stigma and Discrimination in Developing Countries. AIDS Behav, 12:772-780. |
English, |
* HIV-negative |
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| HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the united states: Prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. | The survey protocol assessed multiple facets of stigma. Questions were included about "support for stigmatizing AIDS policies, support for mandatory testing, attributions of responsibility and blame to PWAs, beliefs about PWAs, affective responses to PWAs, and discomfort with and avoidance of PWAs in hypothetical situations." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination. | Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the united states: Prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 371-377. |
English |
* HIV-negative |
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| Multidimensional Stigma Scale | The scale measures perceptions of health care professionals towards PLWHA. The scale has 17 items and 5 factors- Discrimination Intent at Work, Opinion about Health Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, Prejudiced Attitudes, Internalized Shame, and Fear of PLWHA. Stigma mechanisms measured: discrimination, prejudice. | Stein, J. A., & Li, L. (2008). Measuring HIV-related stigma among chinese service providers: Confirmatory factor analysis of a multidimensional scale. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 789-795. |
Chinese |
* HIV-negative * Medical providers |
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| Sayles Internalized HIV Stigma Scale | The scale measures stigma experienced by diverse persons living with HIV/AIDS.It has 28 items and four subscales - stereotypes, disclosure concerns, social relationships, self-acceptance. Response options are on a 5-point categorical response scale (none of the time, a little of the time, some of the time, most of the time, or all of the time). Stigma mechanisms measured: enacted stigma, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma. | Sayles, J. N., Hays, R. D., Sarkisian, C. A., Mahajan, A. P., Spritzer, K. L., & Cunningham, W. E. (2008). Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS and Behavior, 12(5), 748-758. |
English |
* HIV-positive |
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| Attitudes toward women with HIV/AIDS scale - ATWAS | The scale contains 27 items and four factors - Child Care, Myths/Negative Stereotypes, Reproduction/Contraception issues, and Sympathy/Transmission Route. Stigma mechanisms measured: stereotypes, discrimination, prejudice. | O'Hea, E. L., Sytsma, S. E., Copeland, A., & Brantley, P. J. (2001). The attitudes toward women with HIV/AIDS scale (ATWAS): Development and validation. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(2), 120-130. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| Internalized AIDS-related Stigma Scale | The scale contains six items, response options are - agree and disagree. Stigma mechanisms measured: internalized stigma. | Kalichman, S., Simbayi, L., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P., Mkhonta, R., & Ginindza, T. (2009). Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: The internalized AIDS-related stigma scale. AIDS Care, 21(1), 87-93. |
Xhosa, |
* HIV-positive |
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| General AIDS Knowledge Index | Stigma items were derived from themes that emerged in the focus groups in response to probes about HIV-related stigma. There were six items with response options - yes/no. The questions reflect several aspects of expressed stigma - the desire to be secretive regarding HIV/AIDS, fear and avoidance, overestimation of risk, restrictive measures and denial of HIV. Stigma mechanisms measured: discrimination. | Hamra, M., Ross, M. W., Orrs, M., & D'Agostino, A. (2006). Relationship between expressed HIV/AIDS-related stigma and HIV-beliefs/knowledge and behaviour in families of HIV infected children in kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11(4), 513-527. |
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* HIV-negative * Caregivers |
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| Measures of Stigma and the Social Impact of Disease | Scale contains 24 items, Likert scale, from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree". Examined four dimensions of perceived stigma: social rejection, internalized shame, social isolation, and financial insecurity. Stigma mechanisms measured: enacted stigma, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma. | Fife, B. L., & Wright, E. R. (2000). The dimensionality of stigma: A comparison of its impact on the self of persons with HIV/AIDS and cancer. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,41(1) , 50-67. |
English |
* HIV-positive |
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| STD Related Stigma and STD Related Shame | STD-related stigma (5 items; α=.77) reflected the participant's expectation of isolation and adverse social judgment associated with STD. STD-related shame (6 items; α=.80) reflected the participant's sense of shame and contamination associated with STD | Fortenberry, J. D., McFarlane, M., Bleakley, A., Bull, S., Fishbein, M., Grimley, D. M., et al. (2002). Relationships of stigma and shame to gonorrhea and HIV screening. American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 378-381. |
English |
* Elderly * HIV-negative |
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| STD Related Stigma | The scale contains six items to measure "participant's expectation of negative interactions and judgments associated with STDs." Response options are on a four item Likert scale. | Cunningham, S. D., Tschann, J., Gurvey, J. E., Fortenberry, J. D., Ellen, J. M. (2002). Attitudes about sexual disclosure and perceptions of stigma and shame. Sex Transm Infect, 78, 334-338. |
English |
* African American * Adolescents * Youth * HIV-negative |
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| The Attitudes About AIDS (AAA) Scale | Scale consists of 24 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5); the instrument summarizes the degree of stigmatization evidenced toward persons with AIDS. Higher scores indicate less tendency to stigmatize. | Trezza, G. R. (1994). HIV knowledge and stigmatization of persons with AIDS: Implications for the development of HIV education for young adults. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 25(2), 141-148. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| Perceptions of Stigma of HIV-Positive Women | Perceptions of Stigma of HIV-Positive Women has 13 items, yes/no questions. Stigma mechanisms measured: enacted stigma, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma. | Sowell, R. L., Lowenstein, A., Moneyham, L., Demi, A., Mizuno, Y., Seals, B.F. (1997). Resources, Stigma, and Patterns of Disclosure in Rural Women with HIV Infection. Public Health Nursing, 14(5), 302-312. |
English |
* HIV-positive * Women |
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| AIDS Talk Questionnaire | Scale assessing how frequently one talks with another person about AIDS, and what topics they discuss. | Lalljee, M., & Palmer-Canton, E. (2001). Communication and consistency: AIDS talk and AIDS attitudes. J Psychol, 135(1), 87-99. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Students |
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| Psychosocial differences between urban and rural people living with HIV/AIDS. | AIDS Related Discrimination and Fear of Discovery Scale is a six-item scale that assesses AIDS-related discrimination (sample: 'How often do people display negative behavior toward you once they learn of your HIV/AIDS status?').and a separate six-item scale assessing personal fear that their HIV serostatus will be learned by others (sample: 'How often do you ask others to keep your HIV/AIDS status a secret?')" (p. 140). | Heckman, T. G., Somlai, A. M., Kalichman, S. C., Franzoi, S. L., & Kelly, J. A. (1998). Psychosocial differences between urban and rural people living with HIV/AIDS. The Journal of Rural Health, 14(2), 138-145. |
English |
* HIV-positive |
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| HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument- PLWA (HASI-P) | A 4-point Likert-type scale with response options 0_'never', 1_'once or twice', 2_'several times' and 3_'most of the time' was used. The scale factors included: Verbal Abuse (8 items, alpha 0.886); Negative Self- Perception (5 items, alpha 0.906); Health Care Neglect (7 items, alpha 0.832); Social Isolation (5 items, alpha 0.890); Fear of Contagion (6 items, alpha 0.795); and Workplace Stigma (2 items, alpha 0.758). Stigma mechanisms measured: discrimination. | Holzemer, W. L., Uys, L. R., Chirwa, M. L., Greeff, M., Makoae, L. N., Kohi, T., et al. (2007). Validation of the HIV/AIDS stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P). AIDS Care, 19(8), 1002-1012. |
The |
* HIV-positive |
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| Concealment of homosexual identity, social support and CD 4 cell count among HIV-seropositive gay men. | A 10-item questionnaire measuring the degree to which persons feel that their relationships are strained and that they are inhibited from talking about their stressor-related thoughts and feelings with others. | Ullrich, P. M., Lutgendorf, S. K., & Stapleton, J. T. (2003). Concealment of homosexual identity, social support and CD 4 cell count among HIV-seropositive gay men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(3), 205-212. |
English |
* HIV-positive * Men who have sex with men (MSM) |
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| HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale | 24-item scale with the four subscales : fear of transmission and disease; association with shame, blame and judgment; personal support of discriminatory actions or policies; perceived community support of discriminatory actions or policies. | Zelaya, C. E., Sivaram, S., Johnson, S. C., Srikrishnan, A. K., Solomon, S., Celentano, D. D. (2008). HIV/AIDS Stigma: Reliability and Validity of a New Measurement Instrument in Chennai, India. AIDS Behav, 12: 781-788. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Men |
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| Perceptions and Concerns Related to HIV Stigma | "Respondents were asked how much people with AIDS had been unfairly persecuted over the years-whether they face "a great deal" of unfair persecution, "some," "a little bit," or "no unfair persecution at all." Next, they were asked whether people with AIDS now face a great deal of unfair persecution, some, a little bit, or no unfair persecution at all." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice | Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2003). Stigma, social risk, and health policy: Public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and the social construction of illness. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY-HILLSDALE-, 22(5), 533-540. |
English |
* HIV-negative * Elderly |
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| Berger HIV Stigma Scale | An instrument to measure the stigma perceived by people with HIV, developed based on the literature on stigma and psychosocial aspects of having HIV. | Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring Stigma in People with HIV: Psychometric Assessment of the HIV Stigma Scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24: 518-529 |
English |
* HIV-positive |
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| AIDS-Related Stigma Scale | "Although there has been progress in AIDS stigma research, there are no multi-item AIDS stigma scales that have been shown reliable and valid in Africa. The current research reports the development of the nine-item AIDS-Related Stigma Scale. The nine items were responded to dichotomously as either Agree or Disagree with responses scored to reflect endorsement of AIDS stigma." Stigma mechanisms measured: prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination. | Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Toefy, Y., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Kagee, A. (2005). Development of a Brief Scale to Measure AIDS-Related Stigma in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 9(2): 135-143. |
English, |
* HIV-negative * Elderly |
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